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Summary
The aim of personalized medicine or individualized treatment is to match the right drug to the right patient and, in some cases, even to design the appropriate treatment for a patient according to his/her genotype. This report describes the latest concepts of development of personalized medicine based on pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics,pharmacoproteomics, and metabolomics. Basic technologies of molecular diagnostics play an important role, particularly those for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Diagnosis is integrated with therapy for selection of the treatment as well for monitoring the results. Biochip/microarray technologies are also important and finally bioinformatics is needed to analyze the immense amount of data generated by various technologies.

Pharmacogenetics, the study of influence of genetic factors on drug action and metabolism, is used for predicting adverse reactions of drugs. Several enzymes are involved in drug metabolism of which the most important ones are those belonging to the family of cytochrome P450. The knowledge of the effects of polymorphisms of genes for the enzymes is applied in drug discovery and development as well as in clinical use of drugs. Cost-effective methods for genotyping are being developed and it would be desirable to include this information in the patient's record for the guidance of the physician to individualize the treatment. Pharmacogenomics, a term that overlaps with pharmacogenetics but is distinct, deals with the application of genomics to drug discovery and development. It involves the mechanism of action of drugs on cells as revealed by gene expression patterns. Pharmacoproteomics is an important contribution to personalized medicine as it is a more functional representation of patient-to-patient variation than that provided by genotyping.A 'pharmacometabonomic' approach to personalizing drug treatment is also described.

Biological therapies such as those which use patient's own cells are considered to be personalized medicines. Vaccines are prepared from individual patient's tumor cells. Individualized therapeutic strategies using monoclonal bodies can be directed at specific genetic and immunologic targets. Ex vivo gene therapy involves the genetic modification of the patient's cells in vitro, prior to reimplantation of these cells in the patient's body.

Various technologies are integrated to develop personalized therapies for specific therapeutic areas described in the report. Examples of this are genotyping for drug resistance in HIV infection, personalized therapy of cancer, antipsychotics for schizophrenia, antidepressant therapy, antihypertensive therapy and personalized approach to neurological disorders. Although genotyping is not yet a part of clinically accepted routine, it is expected to have this status by the year 2010.

Several players are involved in the development of personalized therapy. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have taken a leading role in this venture in keeping with their future role as healthcare enterprises rather than mere developers of technologies and manufacturers of medicines.

Ethical issues are involved in the development of personalized medicine mainly in the area of genetic testing. These along with social issues and consideration of race in the development of personalized medicine are discussed. Regulatory issues are discussed mainly with reference to the FDA guidelines on pharmacogenomics.

Increase in efficacy and safety of treatment by individualizing it has benefits in financial terms. Information is presented to show that personalized medicine will be cost-effective in healthcare systems. For the pharmaceutical companies, segmentation of the market may not leave room for conventional blockbusters but smaller and exclusive markets for personalized medicines would be profitable. Marketing opportunities for such a system are described with market estimates from 2005-2015.

Profiles of 195 companies involved in developing technologies for personalized medicines, along with 376 collaborations are included in the part II of the report. Finally the bibliography contains over 400 selected publications cited in the report.The report is supplemented by 53 tables and 15 figures.

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
0. Executive Summary
1. Basic Aspects
Definition of personalized medicine
Historical evolution of medical concepts
Basics technologies for developing personalized medicine
Conventional medicine versus personalized medicine
Sequencing of the human genome
Role of variations in human genome
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
Insertions and deletions in the human genome
Large scale variation in human genome
Mass analysis of DNA from whole populations
Role of genetics in future approaches to healthcare
Genetic medicine
Human disease and genes
Role of genetics in development of personalized medicines
Genetic databases
Genetic epidemiology
Limitations of medical genetics and future prospects
Role of systems biology in personalized medicine
A personalized approach to environmental factors in disease
Reclassification of diseases
2. Molecular Diagnostics in Personalized Medicine
Introduction
Molecular diagnostic technologies
Direct dideoxy DNA sequencing (DDS)
Single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis
Heteroduplex analysis (HA)
The WAVE System
DirectLinear™ Analysis
Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC)
Denaturing Gradient Gel electrophoresis (DGGE)
Chemical cleavage mismatch (CCM)
Multiplex Allele-Specific Diagnostic Assay
Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis
Cleavase Fragment Length Polymorphism (CFLP)
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
Arrayed primer extension (APEX)
Enzymatic Mutation Detection (EMD)
T cells and molecular diagnosis
The chorioallantoic membrane assay
Sequencing
Multiplex DNA sequencing
Sequencing in microfabricated high-density picoliter reactors
Whole genome sequencing
Biochips and microarrays
Application of biochip technology in developing personalized medicine
Standardizing the microarrays
Biochip technologies
GeneChip
AmpliChip CYP450
Microfluidics
Lab-on-a-chip
Micronics' microfluidic technology
LabCD
Microfluidic automated DNA analysis using PCR
Integrated microfluidic bioassay chip
Electronic detection of nucleic acids on microarrays
Strand displacement amplification on a biochip
Rolling circle amplification on DNA microarrays
Universal DNA microarray combining PCR and ligase detection reaction
Protein biochips
ProteinChip
LabChip for protein analysis
TRINECTIN proteome chip
Protein expression microarrays
Microfluidic devices for proteomics-based diagnostics
New developments in protein chips
Protein chips for personalized medicine
SNP genotyping
Haplotyping
Haplotype Specific Extraction
HapMap project
Predictingdrug response with HapMap
Companies developing haplotyping technology
Technologies for SNP analysis
Biochip and microarray-based detection of SNPs
SNP genotyping by MassARRAY
Biochip combining BeadArray and ZipCode technologies
SNP-IT primer-extension technology
OmniScan SNP genotyping
Affymetrix Variation Detection Arrays
Use of NanoChip for detection of SNPs
DNA sequencing
Electrochemical DNA probes
Single base extension-tag array
Laboratory Multiple Analyte Profile
PCR-CTPP (confronting two-pair primers)
SNP genotyping on a genome-wide amplified DOP-PCR template
TaqMan real-time PCR
Non-Enzymatic Amplification Technology
SNP genotyping with gold nanoparticle probes
Locked nucleic acid
Molecular inversion probe based assays
Pyrosequencing
Reversed enzyme activity DNA interrogation test
Zinc finger proteins
UCAN method (Takara Biomedical)
Mitochondrial SNPs
Limitations of SNP in genetic testing
Concluding remarks on SNP genotyping
Companies involved in developing technologies/products for SNP analysis
Impact of SNPs on personalized medicine
Optical Mapping
Role of nanobiotechnology in molecular diagnostics
Role of biomarkers in personalized medicine
Biomarkers for diagnostics
Biomarkers for drug development
Application of proteomics in molecular diagnosis
Proteomic strategies for biomarker identification
Proteomic technologies for detection of biomarkers in body fluids
Protein patterns
Layered Gene Scanning
Comparison of proteomic and genomic approaches in personalized medicine
Gene expression profiling
DNA microarrays
Analysis of single-cell gene expression
Gene expression profiling based on alternative RNA splicing
Whole genome expression array
Tangerine™ expression profiling
Gene expression analysis on biopsy samples
Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE)
Multiplexed Molecular Profiling
Gene expression analysis using competitive PCR and MALDI TOF MS
Monitoring in vivo gene expression by magnetic resonance imaging
Companies involved in gene expression analysis
Monitoring in vivo gene expression by molecular imaging
Molecular imaging and personalized medicine
Glycomics-based diagnostics
Combination of diagnostics and therapeutics
Companies combining diagnostics and therapeutics
Point-of-care diagnosis
Companies developing point-of-care diagnostic technologies
Point-of-care diagnosis of infections
Advantages versus disadvantages of point-of-care diagnosis
Future prospects of point-of-care diagnosis
Role of diagnostics in integrated healthcare
Concept of integrated healthcare
Components of integrated healthcare
Screening
Disease prediction
Early diagnosis
Prevention
Therapy based on molecular diagnosis
Monitoring of therapy
Advantages and limitations of integrated healthcare
Commercially available systems for integrated healthcare
Future of molecular diagnostics in personalized medicine
3. Pharmacogenetics
Basics of pharmacogenetics
Role of molecular diagnostics in pharmacogenetics
Role of pharmacogenetics in pharmaceutical industry
Study of the drug metabolism and pharmacological effects
Causes of variations in drug metabolism
Enzymes relevant to drug metabolism
Pharmacogenetics of phase I metabolism
CYP450
P450 CYP 2D6 inhibition by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Lansoprazole and cytochrome P450
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Pharmacogenetics of phase II metabolism
N-Acetyltransferase
Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase
Measurement of CYP isoforms
Polymorphism of drug transporters
Genetic variation in drug targets
Polymorphisms of kinase genes
Effect of genetic polymorphisms on disease response to drugs
Ethnic differences in drug metabolism
Gender differences in pharmacogenetics
Role of pharmacogenetics in drug safety
Adverse drug reactions
Malignant hyperthermia
Therapeutic drug monitoring, phenotyping, and genotyping
Therapeutic drug monitoring
Phenotyping
Genotyping
Genotyping vs phenotyping
Phenomics
Limitations of genotype-phenotype association studies
Molecular toxicology in relation to personalized medicines
Toxicogenomics
Companies involved in molecular toxicology
Gene expression studies
Transcriptome profiling studies
Genomics and the prediction of xenobiotic toxicity
Pharmacogenetics in clinical trials
Postmarketing pharmacogenetics
Clinical implications of pharmacogenetics
Examples of use of pharmacogenetics in clinical pharmacology
Linking pharmacogenetics with pharmacovigilance
Recommendations for the clinical use of pharmacogenetics
Limitations of pharmacogenetics
Academic research in pharmacogenetics
Future role of pharmacogenetics in personalized medicine
4. Pharmacogenomics
Introduction
Basics of pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics and drug discovery
Preclinical prediction of drug efficacy
Pharmacogenomics and clinical trials
Impact of genetic profiling on clinical studies
Limitations of the pharmacogenomic -based clinical trials
Pharmacogenomic aspects of major therapeutic areas
Oncogenomics
Oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Cardiogenomics
Neuropharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer's disease
Pharmacogenomics of depression
Pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia
Companies involved in neurogenomics-based drug discovery
5. Role of Pharmacoproteomics
Basics of proteomics
Proteomic approaches to the study of pathophysiology of diseases
Single cell proteomics for personalized medicine
Diseases due to misfolding of proteins
Therapies for protein misfolding
Significance of mitochondrial proteome in human disease
Proteomic technologies for drug discovery and development
Role of proteomics in clinical drug safety
Toxicoproteomics
Application of pharmacoproteomics in personalized medicine
6. Role of Metabolomics in Personalized Medicine
Metabolomics and metabonomics
Metabolomics bridges the gap between genotype and phenotype
Metabolomics, biomarkers and personalized medicine
Metabolomic technologies
Urinary profiling by capillary electrophoresis
Lipid profiling
Role of metabolomics in biomarker identification and pattern recognition
Validation of biomarkers in large-scale human metabolomics studies
Pharmacometabonomics
Metabonomic technologies for toxicology studies
Metabonomics/metabolomics a nd personalized nutrition
7. Personalized Biological Therapies
Introduction
Recombinant human proteins
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
Cell therapy
Autologous tissue and cell transplants
Stem cells
Role of stem cells derived from unfertilized embryos
Cloning and personalized cell therapy
Use of stem cells for drug testing
Gene therapy
Personalized cancer vaccines
Patient-specific cancer vaccines
Personalized cancer vaccines
Antigen-specific vaccines
Autologous cell vaccines
Individual cancers are antigenically distinct
Autologous HSP70-peptide vaccine
Personalized melanoma vaccines
Antisense therapy
RNA interference
8. Personalized Medicine in Major Therapeutic Areas
Introduction
Management of viral infections
Management of HIV
Differences in response of the body to HIV
Variations in action of drugs on HIV
Role of diagnostic testing in HIV
Drug-resistance in HIV
Measurement of Replication Capacity
Prevention of adverse reactions to antiviral drugs
Treatment of hepatitis B
Treatment of hepatitis C
Psychiatric disorders
Psychopharmacogenetics
COMT genotype and response to amphetamine
Genotype and response to methylphenidate in children with ADHD
Personalized antipsychotic therapy
Personalized antidepressant therapy
Pretreatment EEG to predict adverse effects to antidepressants
Individualization of SSRI treatment
Neurological disorders
Personalized management of Alzheimer's disease
Personalized management of Parkinson's disease
Discovery of subgroup-selective drug targets in PD
Personalized management of Epilepsy
Choice of the right AED
Pharmacogenomics of epilepsy
Drug resistance in epilepsy
Future prospects for epilepsy
Personalized management of migraine
Personalized treatment of multiple sclerosis
Future prospects for multiple sclerosis
Cardiovascular disorders
Role of diagnostics in personalized management of cardiovascular disease
Testing in coronary heart disease
Cardiovascular disorders with a genetic component
Gene variant as a risk factor for sudden cardiac death
Pharmacogenomics of cardiovascular disorders
Modifying the genetic risk for myocardial infarction
Management of heart failure
Management of hypertension
Pharmacogenomics of diuretic drugs
Pharmacogenomics of ACE inhibitors
Management of hypertension by personalized approach
Pharmacogenetics of lipid-lowering therapies
Polymorphisms in genes involved in cholesterol metabolism
Role of eNOS gene polymorphisms
The STRENGTH study
Personalized management of women with hyperlipidemia
Thrombotic disorders
Factor V Leiden mutation
Anticoagulant therapy
Nanotechnology-based personalized therapy of cardiovascular diseases
Concluding remarks
Personalized management of skin disorders
Personalized therapy of rheumatoid arthritis
DIATSTAT™ anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides in rheumatoid arthritis
Personalization of COX-2 inhibitor therapy
Personalized therapy of asthma
Genetic polymorphism and response to b2-adrenergic agonists
Genotyping in asthma
Personalized approaches in immunology
Role of Mannose-binding lectin in personalized medicine
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of immunosuppressive agents
Personalized immunosuppressant therapy in organ transplants
Personalized management of pain
Pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics of pain
Mechanism-specific management of pain
Preoperative testing to tailor postoperative analgesic requirements
Personalized analgesics
Management of genetic disorders
Personalized treatment of cystic fibrosis
Personalized management of gastrointestinal disorders
Personalized therapy of inflammatory bowel disease
Personalized management of lactose intolerance
Miscellaneous applications
Genetic polymorphism and management of alcoholism
Personalized therapy for smoking cessation
Antidepressant therapy for smoking cessation
Effectiveness of nicotine patches in relation to genotype
Hormone replacement therapy in women
Personalized treatment of malaria
Personalized management of renal disease
Personalization of organ transplantation
Personalization of kidney transplantation
Personalization of cardiac transplantation
Role of immunological biomarkers in monitoring grafted patients
Personalized care of trauma patients
Personalized anticoagulation
Personalized preventive medicine
Personalized nutrition
Nutrigenomics
Nutrigenomic s and personalized medicine
Personalized diet prescription
9. Personalized Therapy of Cancer
Challenges of cancer classification
Impact of molecular diagnostics on the management of cancer
Cancer classification using microarrays
Detection of loss of heterozygosity
Analysis of RNA splicing events in cancer
Analysis of chromosomal alterations in cancer cells
eTag assay system for cancer biomarkers
Fluorescent in situ hybridization
Gene expression profiling
Gene expression profiles predict chromosomal instability in tumors
Diagnosis of cancer of an unknown primary
Personalized therapies based on oncogenic pathways signatures
Modulation of CYP450 activity for cancer therapy
Role of molecular imaging in personalized therapy of cancer
Diagnostics for detection of minimal residual disease
Cancer prognosis
Predictive biomarkers for cancer
HER-2/neu oncogene as a biomarker for cancer
Detection of mutations for risk assessment and prevention
Determination of response to therapy
Biopsy testing of tumors for chemotherapy sensitivity
Genomic analysis of tumor biopsies to predict response to treatment
Mutation detection at molecular level
Proteomic analysis of tumor biopsies to predict response to treatment
Real-time apoptosis monitoring
ChemoFx Assay for predicting anticancer drug response
Serum nucleosomes as indicators of sensitivity to chemotherapy
Targeted cancer therapies
Targeting glycoproteins on cell surface
Targeting pathways in cancer
Functional antibody-based therapies
Personalized radiation therapy
Molecular diagnostics combined with cancer therapeutics
Aptamers for combined diagnosis and therapeutics of cancer
Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized management of cancer
Design of future cancer therapies
Screening for personalized anticancer drugs
Role of epigenetics in development of personalized cancer therapies
Role of oncoproteomics in personalized therapy of caner
Cancer tissue proteomics
Pharmacogenomic-based chemotherapy
Whole genome technology to predict drug resistance
Anticancer drug selection based on molecular characteristics of tumor
Testing microsatellite-instability for response to chemotherapy
Pharmacogenetics of cancer chemo therapy
CYP 1A2
Thiopurine methyltransferase
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
UGT1A1 test as guide to irinotecan therapy
Role of computational models in personalized anticancer therapy
Drug resistance in cancer
Detection of drug resistance in cancer by metabolic profiling
GRP78 as a predictor for chemoresponsiveness of breast cancer
Drug resistance in colorectal cancer
Management of drug resistance in leukemia
Overexpression of multidrug resistance gene
P53 mutations
A chemogenomic approach to drug resistance
Examples of personalized management of cancer
Personalized management of breast cancer
Personalized management of ovarian cancer
Personalized management of acute leukemias
Personalized management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Personalized management of multiple myeloma
Personalized management of myelodysplasia
Personalized management of malignant melanoma
Personalized management of esophageal cancer
Personalized management of colorectal cancer
Personalized management of lung cancer
Personlized management of prostate cancer
Personalized management of brain cancer
Personalized therapy of neuroblastomas
Future of cancer therapy
Challenges for developing personalized cancer therapies
The Cancer Genome Project
Companies involved in developing personalized cancer therapy
10. Development of Personalized Medicine
Introduction
Non-genomic factors in the development of personalized medicine
Personalized medicine based on circadian rhythms
Cytomics as a basis for personalized medicine
Intestinal microflora
Gut microbiome compared to human genome
Metabolic interactions of the host and the intestinal microflora
Role of drug delivery in personalized medicine
Personalized approach to clinical trials
Use of Bayesian approach in clinical trials
Individualzing risks and benefits in clinical trials
Players in the development of personalized medicine
Personalized Medicine Coalition
Role of pharmaceutical industry
Production and distribution of personalized medicines
Role of biotechnology companies
Role of life sciences industries
Role of molecular imaging in personalized medicine
Molecular imaging for personalized drug development in oncology
Molecular imaging and CNS drug development
Companies involved in molecular imaging
Role of the clinical laboratories
Role of universities and government support
Roadmap Initiative for Medical Research
Development of products for personalized medicine at the NIH
The National Clinical Genomics Initiative
Genomic-Based Prospective Medicine Project
Pharmacogenetics Research Network and Knowledge Base
Clinical Proteomics Program
Southeast Nebraska Cancer Center's Personalized Medicine Network
Role of healthcare organizations and hospitals
Signature Genetics
The Mayo Clinic genetic database
Role of the medical profession
Education of the healthcare professionals
Medical education
Role of genetic banking systems and databases
Role of biobanks in development of personalized medicine
UK Biobank
Personalized medicine based on PhysioGenomics™ technology
Role of bioinformatics in development of personalized medicine
Exploration of disease-gene relationship
Health information management
Electronic medical records
Linking patient medical records and genetic information
Management of personal genomic data
Personalized prognosis of disease
Integration of technologies for development of personalized medicine
Global scope of personalized medicine
Personalized medicine in the developed countries
NIH initiatives to determine genetic causes of disease
Personalized medicine in the US
Personalized medicine in the EU
UK National Health Service and medical genetics
Personalized medicine in the developing countries
Advantages and limitations of personalized medicine
Future of personalized medicine
Understanding the genetic basis of diseases
Personal Genome Project
Genome-wide association studies
Personalized predictive medicine
Opportunities and challenges
Pharmacotyping
Medicine in the year 2010
Concluding remarks about the future of personalized medicine
11. Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Personalized Medicine
Introduction to ethical issues
Ethical issues of pharmacogenetics
Genotype-specific clinical trials
Social issues in personalized medicine
Privacy issues in personalized medicine
Race and personalized medicine
Regulatory aspects of personalized medicine
CLSI guideline for the use of RNA controls in gene expression assays
Regulatory aspects of pharmacogenetics
FDA and pharmacogenomics
FDA guidance for pharmacogenomic data submissions
Joint guidelines of the FDA and EU regulators for pharmacogenomics
FDA and validation of biomarkers
FDA and predictive medicine
12. Commercial Aspects of Personalized Medicine
Introduction
Perceived financial concerns
Personalized medicine and orphan drug syndrome
Commercial aspects of pharmacogenomics
Cost of DNA testing
Cost of sequencing the human genome
Cost of genotyping
Cost of pharmacogenomics-based clinical trials
Business development of pharmacogenomic companies
Cost of personalized healthcare
Cost of genetic testing
Economics of CYP genotyping-based pharmacotherapy
Cost of personalized medicines
The rising healthcare costs in the US
Lowering the cost of healthcare
Cost effectiveness of HIV genotyping
Lowering the high costs of cancer chemotherapy
Reducing the cost incurred by adverse drug reactions
Overall impact of personalized medicine on healthcare
Drivers for the development of personalized medicine
Evolution of medicine as a driver for personalized therapy markets
Collaboration between the industry and the academia
Personalized medicine and drug markets
Impact on drug markets
Growth of markets relevant to personalized medicine Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacoproteomics
Biochips
Point-of-Care
Markets for personalized medicines according to therapeutic areas
Markets for personalized medicines according to geographical regions
Market opportunities for personalization of me dicine
Impact of personalized medicine on other industries
Strategies for developing and marketing personalized medicine
Education of the public
Role of the Internet in development of personalized medicine
13. References

Tables
Table 1-1: Selected terms relevant to the concept of personalized medicine
Table 1-2: Landmarks in the historic al development of personalized medicine
Table 2-1: Molecular diagnostic technologies used for personalized medicine
Table 2-2: Applications of biochip technology relevant to personalized medicine
Table 2-3: Companies developing haplotying technology
Table 2-4: Technologies for SNP analysis
Table 2-5: A sampling of companies involved in technologies for SNP genotyping
Table 2-6: Comparison of proteomic and genomic approaches in personalized medicine
Table 2-7: Selected methods for gene expression profiling
Table 2-8: A selection of companies with gene expression technologies
Table 2-9: Companies combining molecular diagnostics and therapeutics
Table 2-10: Applications of point-of-care diagnosis
Table 2-11: Companies developing point-of-care diagnostic tests
Table 3-1: Pharmacogenetic vs. pharmacogenomic studies
Table 3-2: Enzymes relevant to drug metabolism
Table 3-3: Examples of mutation of the enzyme CYP450
Table 3-4: Frequency distribution of drugs metabolized by major isoforms of CYP450
Table 3-5: Commonly prescribed medications, which are metabolized by CYP2D6
Table 3-6: Polymorphisms in drug target genes that can influence drug response
Table 3-7: Effect of genetic polymorphisms on disease response to drugs
Table 3-8: Examples of genetically determined adverse reactions to drugs
Table 3-9: Examples of genotyping and phenotyping in some diseases
Table 3-10: Companies with novel molecular toxicology technology
Table 4-1: Role of pharmacogenomics in clinical trials
Table 4-2: Examples of pharmacogenomics-based clinical studies
Table 4-3: Tumor suppressor genes, their chromosomal location, function and associated tumors
Table 4-4: Gene polymorphisms relevant to cardiovascular disease management
Table 4-5: Companies involved in cardiovascular genomics
Table 4-6: A sampling of companies involved in neuropharmacogenomics
Table 8-1: Important therapeutic areas for personalized medicine
Table 8-2: Enzymes that metabolize antipsychotics
Table 8-3: Enzymes that metabolize antidepressants
Table 8-4: Genes that cause cardiovascular diseases
Table 9-1: Factors that drive the development of personalized therapy in cancer
Table 9-2: Impact of molecular diagnostics on the management of cancer
Table 9-3: Selected companies involved in developing personalized cancer therapies
Table 10-1: Players in the development of personalized medicine
Table 10-2: Members of the Personalized Medicine Coalition
Table 10-3: Biobanks relevant to personalized medicine
Table 10-4: Role of bioinformatics in the development of personalized medicine
Table 10-5: Advantages of personalized medicine for the biopharmaceutical industry
Table 10-6: Advantages of personalized medicine for the patients
Table 10-7: Advantage of personalized medicine for the physicians
Table 10-8: Limitations of personalized medicine
Table 10-9: Companies involved in predictive healthcare
Table 12-1: Drivers for the development of personalized medicine
Table 12-2: Growth of markets relevant to personalized medicine 2005-2015
Table 12-3: Markets for personalized medicine according to therapeutic area 2005-2015
Table 12-4: Markets for personalized medicine according to major geographical regions
Table 12-5: Lack of efficacy in current therapy
Table 12-6: Impact of personalized medicine on other industries
Table 12-7: Strategies to develop personalized medicine
Table 12-8: Role of the Internet in development of personalized medicine

Figures
Figure 1-1: Relation of personalized medicine to other technologies
Figure 2-1: Role of biochips/microarrays in personalized medicine
Figure 2-2: Affymetrix GeneChip technology
Figure 2-3: Role of CYP450 genotyping in development of personalized medicine
Figure 2-4: Role of SNPs in personalized medicine
Figure 2-5: A scheme of integrated healthcare and personalized medicine
Figure 3-1: Role of pharmacogenetic technologies in personalized medicine
Figure 4-1: Impact of new technologies at various stages of the drug discovery process
Figure 4-2: Steps in the application of pharmacogenomics in clinical trials
Figure 7-1: Role RNAi in development of personalized medicine
Figure 8-1: A hypothetical personalized medicine approach to management of hypertension
Figure 9-1: Schematic role of proteomics in personalized management of cancer
Figure 10-1: enTrust Genetic Banking System of First Genetic Trust
Figure 10-2: Integration of technologies for the development of personalized medicine
Figure 12-1: Evolution of personalized medicine as a market driver


14. Companies Involved in Developing Personalized Medicine
Introduction
Profiles
Collaborations
Tables
Table 14-1: Top five companies involved in personalized medicine
Table 14-2: Selected collaborations of companies in personalized medicine